Animal Models of the Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage of the Addiction Cycle
Intracranial Self-Stimulation
Withdrawal from the chronic administration of virtually all major drugs of abuse elevates ICSS thresholds (i.e., decreases reward; Figure 3.9).
Notice that we use the word “elevate” to describe the increase in reward threshold. This has become a convention in the field. Conversely, the word “lower” is used to describe a decrease in threshold.
TABLE 3.3
Animal Models of the Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage of the Addiction Cycle
- Intracranial self-stimulation
- Conditioned place aversion
- Disrupted operant schedules
- Drug discrination
- Measures of anxiety-like responses
- Drug self-administration with extended access
- Drug self-administration in dependent animals
